
Where the FX Markup Hides in Cross-Border Payments
Cross-border card and wire payments stack several markups — issuer spread, network assessment, processor margin, and dynamic currency conversion of 2 to 5…

Naomi Bergman covers the systems that move money, and the small design decisions inside them that quietly decide who gets served. She explains payment rails and credit scoring, covers federal rulemaking and the national record, and reads markets from release to close.